Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821)

This portrait of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David portrays Napoleon as a both military and civil ruler. He wears his uniform as a colonel of the Foot Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard while the sword on the chair alludes to Napoleon's military success. On the table are placed several items that speak of his administrative achievements, most prominently the scroll with the word "Code" on it, referring to the groundbraking legal codification Code civil established under Napoleon in 1804.

Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825), The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, oil on canvas, 204x125 cm, 1812; source: National Gallery of Art, Samuel H. Cress Collection, https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.46114.html, public domain.