Abdülhamid II (1842–1918), the "Red Sultan", ca. 1900
by
—
last modified
2020-05-25T11:18:19+02:00
Princeton University Library
Princeton University Library
Auguste Roubille (1872–1955), "Abdul Hamid II, le sultan rouge", lithograph, ca. 1900; source: Princeton University Library, Graphic Arts Collection No. GC103. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, http://blogs.princeton.edu/graphicarts/roubille3.html.
The Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II had a very bad press in Europe. The ethnic conflicts that took place during his reign in the Ottoman Empire, especially the massacres of Armenian Christians in the 1890s, for which he was held responsible, earned him the label of the "Red Sultan".
Auguste Roubille (1872–1955), "Abdul Hamid II, le sultan rouge", lithograph, ca. 1900; source: Princeton University Library, Graphic Arts Collection No. GC103. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, http://blogs.princeton.edu/graphicarts/roubille3.html.
Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans@Expulsion of the Muslims from the Balkans@(BE)@freigabe
From the "Turkish Menace" to Exoticism and Orientalism: Islam as Antithesis of Europe (1453–1914)?@From the "Turkish Menace" to Orientalism@(ÜB)@freigabe
Islam: State and Religion in Modern Europe@Islam in Europe@(BE)@freigabe
Kemalism – The Turkish Model of a Secular Republic@Kemalism@(BE)@freigabe
Pan-Turkism@Pan-Turkism@(BE)@freigabe